Notes

Outline

Effective Tutoring Practices with Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students Cheryl D. Davis, Ph.D. Martha R. Smith, M.S. Northwest Outreach Center Western Oregon University

PEPNet Regional Centers

Agenda General Characteristics Communication Considerations Tutoring Accommodations Evaluation Resources

Sound & Communication Hard of Hearing Speech reading Amplification No separate culture Deaf Sign language Deaf Culture Late-Deafened English sign systems Print Speech reading No separate culture

But How Do I Communicate?

Communication Tightrope Don’t worry-You aren’t expected to know everything Do be sensitive to differences Be courteous Use humor and idioms cautiously

Number One Get the person’s attention A wave, a tap on the shoulder, a nod If you don’t have eye contact - you don’t have communication!

Don’t Yell You’ll blast hearing aid users! Deaf individuals still won’t hear you! It annoys everyone for miles around!

Speech Reading Incorporates context, body language, mouth movement with hearing… Because only 33% of English phonemes are visible on the lips Is more difficult if you overenunciate Does not equal intelligence

Repeat, Then Rephrase Speech reading is not always effective Some pitches may be more difficult to hear A nod does not always indicate understanding

Act! Use natural gestures Point Use facial expressions & body language Pantomime Don’t worry about saying something “bad” in sign Be yourself!

Write! For short-term communication try: Pencil and paper Computer Diagrams and illustrations Getting the message across is more important than the medium used

What if communication breaks down? Frustration Stay Calm Remedy problems Noisy room Poor lighting Etiquette Distracting noises Someone calls your name or the phone rings Hearing aids squealing Busy times Schedule an interpreter Learn “Survival Signs” Have ALDs available

Quiz Time! Deaf & Hard-of-Hearing Students… Can all benefit from hearing aids. Can all lipread. Can all sign. Can all talk. Are all mute. Cannot drive. Will benefit if you talk louder. Are capable of excelling in professional careers.

There is a 79% attrition rate among students who are deaf or hard of hearing in two and four year colleges and universities.

Communicating through Interpreters Mechanics Maintain eye contact while talking Avoid saying ‘tell her…’ Talk, then show Before the session Let the interpreter know your goals. Clue the interpreter in on problem areas. After the session Ask the interpreter if she has any issues or concerns related to the communication. Ask the interpreter for communication tips.

Interpreters… Work between two languages & cultures May use oral or manual communication Follow a Code of Ethics Maintain confidentiality Have varying degrees of skill Interpret for everyone

Assistive Listening Devices Reduce background noise Provide increased volume Help reduce fatigue Make it easier to focus on content Can be used with cochlear implants Can be used with or without hearing aids

English Usage Issues 3D vs. Linear Exposure Incidental learning English as a 2nd language No passive voice in ASL Homonyms Idioms Hearing students need help, too!

Vocabulary: Spelling & Meaning Associate new vocabulary with sign Break down word Careful of Generalization and Overgeneralization Practice tips Fold-and-compare technique Fingerspelling Flash cards Computer drill Use word in context

Use Advance Organizers SQ3R Survey Question Read Recite Review Adjunct Questions

Check for Knowledge Compare: show similarities Contrast: show differences Criticize: positive & negative with evidence Define: provide brief definition Describe: build mental image Discuss: give details Evaluate: make judgments Explain: give reasons or causes

Check for Knowledge Illustrate: give examples Interpret: explain meaning Justify: give reasons List: itemize Prove: why is it true? Relate: show connections Review: summary with commentary Summarize: condense main points Trace: describe development

Using Notes from Class Check for understanding Focus on  content “Tell me what this means to you” Relate reading notes to lecture Re-write notes

Grammar Learn rules…and how to apply them Sign out loud Opportunity for practice Explain through examples Use color Don’t erase errors Computer programs Generalization

Organizing Info: Mind Maps

Another Example: English Works: How to Provide Writing Advice. Gallaudet University. http://www.gallaudet.edu/~engwweb/tutoring/advisestrategy.html.

Organizing Information Flow chart Organizational chart Index Cards Outlines

Writing Style Look for patterns Help student identify patterns Strategize how to resolve negative writing patterns Help break into sections Fill out the concepts Trade with friends Plan ahead

Math: Solving Graphical Problems One step at a time Use color Examples Strategize Calculators Talk, then show!

Math: Solving Word Problems Draw Reflective questioning Functional Student-created problems

English Equivalents of Symbols + Addition Sum Add In Addition More than Increased Greater

English Equivalents of Symbols X Multiply Times as much Percent of Product Interest on / Division Per Divide Quotient () Quantity = Sum Is, was, will be Equal Results

Build Evaluation Skills How did you benefit from today’s session? What did you accomplish today? Did you accomplish what you wanted? How does this session connect with what we did last time? Last week? When did you feel stuck? What did you do to get unstuck? Have you applied what you learned here to other situations?

Review Keep communicating Keep it visual Use examples Use active learning Show respect Create a positive learning experience

"Developed by:" Developed by: Cheryl D. Davis, Ph.D., Coordinator & Martha R. Smith, M.S., Co-Director Northwest Outreach Center 503-838-8642 (v/tty) 503-838-8228 (fax) davisc@wou.edu http://www.wou.edu/nwoc http://www.wou.edu/nwoc/tutorlinks.htm